15 legendary swords

A sword is made up of a chisel and a haft, with one or two edges for severing and penetrating, and a point for the assault. Swords have been used in warfare since times of yore. Many stories have been blend about and around certain reputated swords, belonging to both real and chimerical characters. We regale here with an account of some legendary swords that continue to captivate us to date.

These cutlass, being purely military weapons, are a regalia of power, dignity and exaltation, and all cultures have legends of unsurmountable swords.  The stories of these swords are not the reminiscence of the weapons, but also an account of their wielders. Here are some legendary swords from history, mythology and literature.

1. Zulfiqar

Zulfiqar (‘bifurcated’) is a well-known sword of Islamic history owned by Hazrat Ali, by many accounts, Muḥammad (PBUH) presented Zulfiqar to a young Ali at the Battle of Uhud. During the battle, Ali struck one of the fiercest adversaries, breaking both his helmet and his shield. Muhammad (PBUH) remarked “There is no hero but Ali and no sword except Zulfiqar”. By most historical accounts, Ali used the sword at the Battle of the Trench to cut a fierce Meccan opponent and his shield in two halves. The opponent was Amr ibn Abdawud, whose strength was often compared to that of a thousand men. No one had dared to fight him except Ali, who killed him with one powerful blow. Though Amr wore strong armor and carried powerful weapons, he is said to have been no match to Ali and his sword. The scimitar is one of the oldest and best known symbols of Islam. The sword was also used in the Battle of Karbala by Imam Hussain, and as a result it is seen as a symbol of honor and martyrdom. And it is now believed by the Shias to be in the possession of Imam Mehdi.

2. Nasril (Andúril)

In J. R. R. Tolkien’s fictional prehistory of the world (Arda), Narsil was the sword of King Elendil of the Dúnedain who used it in the War of the Last Alliance against Sauron, the sword in a later age was reforged as Andúril. It appears in The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales.

Elendil, however, was killed during the battle and Narsil was broken in shards. His son Isildur then used the hilt-shard of Narsil to cut the One Ring from the finger of Sauron, thus defeating and vanquishing him. The shards of Narsil were passed on as heirloom, until the sword was reforged during the War of the Ring and handed over to Aragorn, who renamed it as Anduril (Sindarin for “The Flame of the West”) Aragorn receiving the sword was an action recognizing him as an heir of Isildur and the rightful king of Gondor. It is also referred to as ‘the sword that was broken’.

3. Flaming Sword

A flaming sword is a sword glowing with flame by some supernatural power. Flaming swords have existed in legend and myth for thousands of years. According to the Bible, a Cherub with a flaming sword was placed by God at the gates of Paradise after Adam and Eve were banished from it (Genesis 3:24).

“He placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims,
and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the
way of the tree of life.”  Genesis 3:24

Eastern Orthodox of Christianity tradition says that from the time Jesus was born, the flaming sword was removed from the Garden of Eden, making it possible for humanity to re-enter Paradise.

4. Excalibur

Excalibur is the legendary sword of King Arthur, sometimes attributed with magical powers or associated with the rightful sovereignty of Great Britain. Sometimes Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone (the proof of Arthur’s lineage) are said to be the same weapon, but in most versions they are considered separate. The sword was associated with the Arthurian legend very early. In Welsh, the sword is called Caledfwlch.

There are two swords that appear in Arthurian legends: the Sword in the Stone, which only Arthur could wield, thereby proving his rightful kingship; and the sword given to him by the Lady of the Lake. In some versions there is only one sword, while in others, the Sword in Stone is broken and later Arthur receives Excalibur from the Lady of the Lake. Having a magical origin, the sword was unbreakable and its scabbard protected the king from physical harm. Morgan Le Fay, Arthur’s half-sister, stole the sword. It was recovered but the scabbard was lost, hence allowing King Arthur to be mortally wounded in the Battle of Camlann. Arthur orders one of his knights to throw back the sword in the enchanted lake, and when done so, a hand appeared from the waters to catch it, taking it beneath the water from where it had first emerged.

5. Kusangi-no-Tsurugi

Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi (is a legendary Japanese sword as important to Japan’s history as Excalibur is to Britain’s, and is one of three Imperial Regalia of Japan. It was originally called Ama-no-Murakumo-no-Tsurugi (“Sword of the Gathering Clouds of Heaven”) but its name was later changed to the more popular Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi (“Grass Cutting Sword”).

It was discovered from the body of a giant serpent. In the reign of the XII Emperor, the sword was gifted to Yamato Takeru, who was led into an open grassland as a trap by a warlord. The plan was to ignite the grass and burn Yamato to death. In desperation, Yamato started cutting the grass with his sword and discovered to his amazement that he could control the wind. Using this power, Yamato expanded the fire in the direction of his enemies, defeating them. It was after this incident that Yamato named the sword as “Grasscutter Sword”. Yamato was later killed in a battle by a monster when he ignored his wife’s advice to take the Grasscutter sword with him. The moral of the story: Always listen to your wife. However, In The Tale of the Heike, a collection of oral stories transcribed in 1371, the sword is lost at sea after the defeat of the Heike clan in the Battle of Dan-no-ura, a naval battle that ended in the defeat of the Heike clan forces and the child Emperor Antoku at the hands of Minamoto no Yoshitsune. In the tale, upon hearing of the Navy’s defeat, the Emperor’s grandmother led the Emperor and his entourage to commit suicide by drowning in the waters of the strait along with the three Imperial Regalia, including Kusanagi. Although the Minamoto troops managed to stop a handful of them and recovered two of the three regalia, Kusanagi was said to have been lost forever.

6. The Sword of Damocles

Damocles is a figure featured in a single moral anecdote concerning the Sword of Damocles which was a late addition to classical Greek culture. The figure belongs properly to legend rather than Greek myth. Damocles was a courtier in the court of King Dionysius.

The Damocles of the anecdote was an obsequious courtier in the court of Dionysius II of Syracuse, a fourth century BC tyrant of Syracuse. Damocles exclaimed that, as a great man of power and authority, Dionysius was truly fortunate. Dionysius offered to switch places with him for a day, so he could taste first hand that fortune. In the evening a banquet was held where Damocles very much enjoyed being waited upon like a king. Only at the end of the meal did he look up and notice a sharpened sword hanging directly above his head by a single horse-hair. Immediately, he lost all taste for the amenities and asked leave of the tyrant, saying he no longer wanted to be so fortunate.

Dionysius had successfully conveyed a sense of the constant fear in which the great man lives. Cicero uses this story as the last in a series of contrasting examples for reaching the conclusion he had been moving towards in this fifth Disputation, in which the theme is that virtue is sufficient for living a happy life. Cicero asks

“Does not Dionysius seem to have made it sufficiently clear that there can be nothing happy for the person over whom some fear always looms?”

A slightly different moral to the story of the Sword of Damocles is that, “The value of the sword is not that it falls, but rather, that it hangs.”

7. Master Sword

The Master Sword (also known as The Blade of Evil’s Bane or as the Sword of Time) is typically the most powerful weapon in a Zelda game for general usage; with the exception of the Biggoron Sword, Gilded Sword, Great Fairy’s Sword, and the upgrades in A Link to the Past. The Master Sword will usually have a power level of two or three times that of the starting sword. Zelda  states that the sword was created by Ancient Sages. However, Skyward Sword, which takes place before the events of Ocarina of Time and A Link to the Past, reveals that the Master Sword was originally once known as the Skyward Sword, where it rested in a floating island above the clouds known as Skyloft. The backstory to A Link to the Past  reveals the Master Sword’s purpose as the sword which could combat the power of an evil person misusing the Triforce.

8. Vorpal Sword

The Vorpal sword is the only sword in the literature that can go “snicker-snack”. It appears in what is said to be one of the greatest ‘nonsense poems’ in English: “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll in Through the Looking Glass. It is the story of a young boy slaying a monster known as ‘Jabberwock’ using the Vorpal sword. Lewis Carroll published Through the Looking-Glass in 1871. Near the beginning, Alice discovers and reads “Jabberwocky”. The word “vorpal” appears twice in the poem, which describes a young boy’s quest to slay a monster. Here is the Poem (Link).

As with much of the rest of the poem’s vocabulary, the reader is left to guess at the meaning of “vorpal” from the context. It is commonly assumed to mean “deadly” or “sharp” words often used to describe swords, but some readers have imagined other properties the word could describe. Alexander L. Taylor points out in his Carroll biography The White Knight that “vorpal” can be formed by taking letters alternately from “verbal” and “gospel”.There are many speculations as to what “Vorpal” means. Lewis Carroll, however, confessed, “I am afraid I can’t explain ‘vorpal blade’ for you – nor yet ‘tulgey wood.” Vorpal sword has recently been featured in several role-playing video-games.

9. Shamshir-e-Zomorrodnegar

Shamshir-e Zomorrodnegar “The emerald-studded sword” is a sword in the Persian legend Amir Arsalan. The witch mother of a hideous horned demon called Fulad-zereh used a charm to make Fulad-zereh’s body invulnerable to all weapons except the blows of a specific sword called Shamshir-e Zomorrodnegar.

This blade originally belonged to King Solomon, and was carefully guarded by Fulad-zereh, not only because it was a valuable weapon, and indeed the only weapon that could harm the demon, but also because wearing it was a charm against magic. A wound inflicted by this sword could only be treated by a special potion made from a number of ingredients, including Fulad-zereh’s brains.

10. Lightsaber

A lightsaber a popular weapon, was introduced in sci-fi series Star Wars  and the franchise’s Expanded Universe. The lightsaber consists of a polished metal hilt which projects a blade of energy (plasma) about one meter long. The lightsaber is the signature weapon of the Jedi order and their Sith counterparts, both of whom can use them for offence, or to deflect blaster bolts. Its distinct appearance was created using rotoscoping for the original trilogy, and digitally for the prequel trilogy. The lightsaber first appeared in the original Star Wars film (1977) and every Star Wars movie to date features at least one lightsaber duel. In 2008, a survey of approximately two thousand film fans found it to be the most popular film weapon.

The lightsaber’s blade cuts through most substances without resistance. It leaves cauterized wounds in flesh, but can be deflected by another lightsaber’s blade, or an energy shield or wall. Some vibroswords and shields made with cortosis are also able to deflect them as seen first in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, and later on in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords, andThe Force Unleashed. An active lightsaber gives off a distinctive hum, which rises in pitch and volume as the blade is moved rapidly through the air. Bringing the blade into contact with an object or another lightsaber’s blade produces a loud crackle. Here’s how a lightsaber works. (Link).

11. Glory of Ten Powers

The Glory of Ten powers is a legendary Chinese sword, said to be created in Tibet by husband and wife magicians of the ancient Bön tradition. The love of the couple when creating the magical sword caused a great spirit to enter the weapon. The sword gained the power to protect the wearer using its magical powers. The sword is said to have been eventually captured and burned by the family’s enemies and the sword made into a magic talisman. Said in the 1930s work of Tang Hao to be possessed by Hua Tuo, the famous Chinese physician who lived during the Three Kingdoms era. Chinese literature is littered with references to this amulet just as English works often mention Excalibur.

12. Gram Sword

In Norse Mythology, the god Odin plunged a sword into the tree Barnstokkr in the hall of the Völsungs during a wedding and declared that he who could take it out would receive it as a gift. Only Sigmund was able to do so. Later, during a battle, Sigmund fights an old man, who is actually Odin in disguise; Odin shatters the sword and Sigmund is killed by others. As he lies dying, he tells his wife that his son would one day make a great sword from the fragments. The prophecy was fulfilled as his son Sigurd reforged the sword. Handle, guard and pommel were plated in silver and highlighted with 24-karat gold details. The sword’s stainless steel blade was massive and jagged edged and Sigurd killed the dragon Fafnir with it. In the Nibelungenlied, Siegfried’s sword is called Balmung; in Richard Wagner’s Ring Cycle, it is called Nothung.

13. Sword of Omens

Children growing up in the 90s would be well-familiar with the cry: “Thunder… Thunder… Thunder… Thundercats! HOOOOOOO!” Yes, it’s the shout of Lion-O from the Thundercats cartoon series to summon the Thundercats using his Sword of Omens. The sword contains the mystic Eye of Thundera in its hilt, the source of Thundercats’ power. It is normally in the form of a dagger resting within Lion-O’s claw-shield, but it grows into a full-fledged sword when Lion-O swings it around and utters the Thundercat signal. The sword can also grant Lion-O the second-sight to see where danger awaits him.

14. Durendal

Durendal or Durandal is the sword of Charlemagne’s paladin Roland in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France. According to Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso it once belonged to Hector of Troy, and was given to Roland by Malagigi (Maugris). The name probably comes from the French verb “durer”, “to endure”.

In The Song of Roland, the sword is said to contain within its golden hilt one tooth of Saint Peter, blood of Saint Basil, hair of Saint Denis, and a piece of the raiment of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In the poem, Count Roland attempts to destroy the sword to prevent it from being captured by the ambushing Saracens and creates La Brèche de Roland in the Pyrenees in the process. But Durendal proves indestructible, so he hides it beneath his body along with the oliphant, the horn used to alert Charlemagne. Local folklore claims Durendal still exists, preserved in Rocamadour, France. An inscription on Ogier the Dane’s sword Curtana read My name is Cortana, of the same steel and temper as Joyeuse and Durendal.

15. William Wallace’s Sword

Though there are different sides to every story, there is one underlying truth about the tales of the Scottish hero William Wallace. He was a man of big deeds who used a big sword. Our 13th century two handed great sword is likely a sword that the fearsome hero would’ve been eager to use. With its 40-inch blade balanced by a solid steel cross guard and heavy steel pommel, this sword has tremendous potential in the hands of a skilled swordsman. The leather wrapped ricasso allows one to choke up on the blade to offer better balance when fighting in close quarters while both guard and pommel offer them selves as stout striking points in time of need.

DARKSWORD

Tonggak Sejarah Perjuangan Nasional

Salah satu tonggak sejarah perjuangan Bangsa Indonesia adalah Sumpah Pemuda yang selalu diperingati setiap tanggal 28 Oktober. Namun momen penting ini tidaklah berdiri sendiri, Sumpah Pemuda merupakan hasil dari serangkaian perjuangan-perjuangan Bangsa Indonesia sejak ribuan tahun silam dalam usaha membebaskan diri dari belenggu penjajahan.

Seperti kita ketahui bersama, sebelum 1928, perjuangan telah dimulai sejak abad ke-17, dimana waktu itu perlawanan-perlawanan secara fisik dari berbagai daerah muncul akibat kekejaman dan penindasan kaum penjajah. Tak heran, kalau di tahun 1628 dan 1629 Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo, Raja Mataram berani menyerang kompeni hingga ke Batavia.

Tahun 1662 – 1669 Sultan Hasanuddin, Raja Gowa XVI juga mengadakan perlawanan mengusir penjajah di Makasar. Lalu 1817 di Ambon ada Pattimura, kemudian 1825 -1830 terjadi Perang Diponegoro, demikian pula di Sumatera, Tuanku Imam Bonjol memimpin perlawanan pada tahun 1824 hingga 1837. Perlawanan lainnya pun muncul dengan tujuan yang sama mengusir penjajah dari bumi Indonesia.

Akan tetapi sangat disayangkan, perjuangan tersebut tidak membawa hasil yang diharapkan karena politik devide et impera yang diterapkan Belanda waktu itu mampu menaklukkan semua perlawanan. Belanda mampu menaklukkan hampir seluruh wilayah nusantara sehingga bangsa ini semakin mengalami penderitaan panjang.

Sadar akan hal tersebut, para pemuda Indonesia yang memiliki semangat dan jiwa patriotisme kemudian melakukan bentuk perlawanan dalam bentuk yang lain. Mereka melawan – bukan dalam arti fisik – melalui organisasi Budi Oetomo yang didirikannya pada 20 Mei 1908. Momen ini kemudian dijadikan sebagai tonggak sejarah kebangkitan pemuda Indonesia dalam pergerakan kebangsaan Indonesia, yang kemudian diakui sebagai Hari Kebangkitan Nasional.

Beberapa tahun kemudian tepatnya 1911 muncul Sarekat Islam yang didirikan oleh HOS Tjokroaminoto. Setahun kemudian namanya diubah menjadi Sarekat Dagang Islam. Selain itu di tahun yang sama, berdiri pula Indische Partai yang dipimpin oleh tiga serangkai yaitu Danudirdja Setia Budi, Ki Hajar Dewantara dan Tjipto Mangunkusumo. Tujuan politiknya sangat jelas yaitu untuk membebaskan Indonesia dari penjajahan Belanda. Ketiga tokoh ini kemudian dibuang karena dianggap membahayakan kelangsungan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda melalui tulisan-tulisannya yang tajam di surat kabar. Demikian pula gerakan dan aksi-aksi yang mereka lakukan.

Organisasi-organisasi lain pun kemudian bermunculan, namun belum memberikan harapan yang menggembirakan. Mereka tetap tak mampu menghadapi dan memberikan perlawanan berarti disebabkan perjuangan yang mereka lakukan masih sendiri-sendiri.

Setelah menyadari kondisi seperti itu, keadaan pun lalu berubah. Para pemuda kemudian berfusi, menyatukan diri dan mengusung rasa kebangsaan yang selama ini belum tersentuh. Ini kemudian melahirkan Kongres Pemuda Indonesia I pada tahun 1926. Waktu itu cita-cita persatuan menjadi tujuan utama, namun masih belum dapat diwujudkan secara nyata.

Rasa kebangsaan dan persatuan itu mencapai puncaknya dengan kemunculan pemuda Soekarno, anggota Jong Java. Ia terus mengobarkan rasa persatuan dan kesatuan Indonesia sebagai landasan untuk mencapai kemerdekaan. Pemuda yang kemudian terkenal dengan julukan Bung Karno ini mendasarkan perjuangan mencapai kemerdekaan pada kekuatan sendiri, anti kapitalisme dan imperialisme serta non-cooperation atau tak bersedia bekerja sama dengan Hindia Belanda.

Atas prakarsa Perhimpunan Pelajar Pelajar Indonesia, maka diadakan Kongres Pemuda Indonesia II di Jakarta pada tanggal 27 – 28 Oktober 1928. Kongres dihadiri oleh berbagai perhimpunan pemuda yang ada di Indonesia. Dalam sidang ketiga, 28 Oktober 1928 itulah kemudian dicetuskan Sumpah Pemuda yang sangat terkenal hingga sekarang.

Sumpah Pemuda sebagai tonggak sejarah perjuangan yang bersifat nasional, meliputi seluruh wilayah nusantara mencapai cita-cita bersama. Pada Kongres ini pula diperkenalkan lagu kebangsaan Indonesia Raya 3 stanza oleh Wage Rudolf Supratman.

Kata-kata keramat yang dicetuskan dalam Kongres II Pemuda Indonesia tersebut terus mengakar dalam diri setiap anak bangsa. Perjuangan terus berlanjut, perlawanan terhadap Pemerintah Hindia Belanda pun tak berhenti hingga mencapai puncak dengan diproklamasikannya Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia 17 Agustus 1945.

Rasa kebangsaan, persatuan dan kesatuan harus tetap kita jaga dengan jiwa dan semangat Sumpah Pemuda. Jangan sampai kerja keras para pemuda pada masa perjuangan dahulu terbuang percuma dengan kondisi Bangsa Indonesia di masa sekarang.

Kalau dulu kaum penjajah yang memecah belah bangsa Indonesia, bukan tidak mungkin persatuan dan kesatuan yang selama ini kita bina terkoyak oleh ulah bangsa sendiri. Bahasa Indonesia yang selama ini diakui sebagai bahasa persatuan rusak justru oleh perilaku bangsa sendiri.

From here on Earth, a spot on the Sun is barely a speck on that bright yellow ball in the sky. But sunspots are huge, bigger than our planetary home, and they have a complex structure that can’t be seen without some kind of help. Close up, you’ll see that a sunspot has a central dark area—called the umbra, which appears dark because it’s cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface—with some lighter spots, and that center is surrounded by a lighter filamentary area, called the penumbra, that flows outward.
Scientists used the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (which, despite its name, is on the Canary Island of La Palma, off the coast of Africa) to observe a sunspot near the middle of the Sun on May 23, 2010, and look at how gas flowed in and out; they then used those observations to create computer simulations of sunspots. Their results appear this week in Science.
The study supports the idea that sunspots occur as hot gases rise to the surface of the Sun and spread out, cool and then flow back into the star. This convective flow creates the pimple-like pattern of a sunspot, according to the study. And the filaments of the penumbra are actually columns of gases.
We care about what’s happening with the Sun because our nearest star can sometimes turn on us, blasting powerful solar storms toward Earth that “could zap satellites, disable communication networks and GPS systems and fry power grids at a cost of $1 trillion or more,” Rob Irion noted in his April story for Smithsonian, “Something New Under the Sun.” Scientists are using a suite of satellites aimed at the star as well as telescopes here on Earth to learn more about the Sun. And it’s increasingly important work: as solar and space physicist Daniel Baker of the University of Colorado noted in Irion’s story, “The Sun is a highly variable star…. We live in its outer atmosphere, and the cyber-electric cocoon that surrounds Earth is subject to its whims. We’d better come to terms with that.”

What is dark matter?

Astrophysicists are currently trying to observe the effects of dark energy, which accounts for some 70 percent of the universe. But it's not the only dark stuff in the cosmos: roughly 25 percent of it is made up of an entirely separate material called dark matter. Completely invisible to telescopes and the human eye, it neither emits nor absorbs visible light (or any form of electromagnetic radiation), but its gravitational effect is evident in the motions of galaxy clusters and individual stars. Although dark matter has proven extremely difficult to study, many scientists speculate that it might be composed of subatomic particles that are fundamentally different from those that create the matter we see around us.

DARK : the biggest mystery in universe

Twice a day, seven days a week, from February to November for the past four years, two researchers have layered themselves with thermal underwear and outerwear, with fleece, flannel, double gloves, double socks, padded overalls and puffy red parkas, mummifying themselves until they look like twin Michelin Men. Then they step outside, trading the warmth and modern conveniences of a science station (foosball, fitness center, 24-hour cafeteria) for a minus-100-degree Fahrenheit featureless landscape, flatter than Kansas and one of the coldest places on the planet. They trudge in darkness nearly a mile, across a plateau of snow and ice, until they discern, against the backdrop of more stars than any hands-in-pocket backyard observer has ever seen, the silhouette of the giant disk of the South Pole Telescope, where they join a global effort to solve possibly the greatest riddle in the universe: what most of it is made of.
For thousands of years our species has studied the night sky and wondered if anything else is out there. Last year we celebrated the 400th anniversary of Galileo’s answer: Yes. Galileo trained a new instrument, the telescope, on the heavens and saw objects that no other person had ever seen: hundreds of stars, mountains on the Moon, satellites of Jupiter. Since then we have found more than 400 planets around other stars, 100 billion stars in our galaxy, hundreds of billions of galaxies beyond our own, even the faint radiation that is the echo of the Big Bang.
Now scientists think that even this extravagant census of the universe might be as out-of-date as the five-planet cosmos that Galileo inherited from the ancients. Astronomers have compiled evidence that what we’ve always thought of as the actual universe—me, you, this magazine, planets, stars, galaxies, all the matter in space—represents a mere 4 percent of what’s actually out there. The rest they call, for want of a better word, dark: 23 percent is something they call dark matter, and 73 percent is something even more mysterious, which they call dark energy.
“We have a complete inventory of the universe,” Sean Carroll, a California Institute of Technology cosmologist, has said, “and it makes no sense.”
Scientists have some ideas about what dark matter might be—exotic and still hypothetical particles—but they have hardly a clue about dark energy. In 2003, the National Research Council listed “What Is the Nature of Dark Energy?” as one of the most pressing scientific problems of the coming decades. The head of the committee that wrote the report, University of Chicago cosmologist Michael S. Turner, goes further and ranks dark energy as “the most profound mystery in all of science.”
The effort to solve it has mobilized a generation of astronomers in a rethinking of physics and cosmology to rival and perhaps surpass the revolution Galileo inaugurated on an autumn evening in Padua. They are coming to terms with a deep irony: it is sight itself that has blinded us to nearly the entire universe. And the recognition of this blindness, in turn, has inspired us to ask, as if for the first time: What is this cosmos we call home?
Scientists reached a consensus in the 1970s that there was more to the universe than meets the eye. In computer simulations of our galaxy, the Milky Way, theorists found that the center would not hold—based on what we can see of it, our galaxy doesn’t have enough mass to keep everything in place. As it rotates, it should disintegrate, shedding stars and gas in every direction. Either a spiral galaxy such as the Milky Way violates the laws of gravity, or the light emanating from it—from the vast glowing clouds of gas and the myriad stars—is an inaccurate indication of the galaxy’s mass.
But what if some portion of a galaxy’s mass didn’t radiate light? If spiral galaxies contained enough of such mystery mass, then they might well be obeying the laws of gravity. Astronomers dubbed the invisible mass “dark matter.”
“Nobody ever told us that all matter radiated,”Vera Rubin, an astronomer whose observations of galaxy rotations provided evidence for dark matter, has said. “We just assumed that it did.”

Dark imagines